KA-50 Black Shark - the most maneuverable helicopter in the world, the only one who makes a loop, and the maneuver "funnel" - moving around the target with a change in altitude at a speed of 180 km / h.
среда, 11 ноября 2015 г.
Genetic engineering saved the first human leukemia
Genetically modified cells for the first time helped to save a terminally ill child from leukemia. It is reported by New Scientist.
At the age of three months, Leila was diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia - a malignant disease in which cancerous bone marrow stem cells released into the blood immature lymphoid cells in large quantities. The girl immediately began to treat with standard treatments (chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation), but at her age, this therapy is successful only in a quarter of cases, and Leila had no luck.
Despite the presence of cancer cells after chemotherapy sessions, the doctors decided to transplant bone marrow, hoping that the immune cells in the donor organ will win leukemia - but that did not happen. Two months later, the condition of Leyla again deteriorated, while doctors have turned to Qasim Waseem (Waseem Qasim) from University College London, who is developing genetic techniques to fight cancer.
In general, treatment is taking immune cells from a patient, genetically modify them to combat cancer cells and return back. Sometimes, there are added receptor gene CAR19, which causes cytotoxic T lymphocytes (T cells) to seek and kill cells with the CD19 protein on the surface - they cause acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
However, Leila was too small and the patient, to provide such a T-cell. Therefore, Qasim had to use material obtained from another healthy donor and a modified way to treat hundreds of patients. To these cells did not take all the cells in the recipient as foreign and attacked them, it took a gene editing with "molecular scissors" - proteins TALEN.
Qasim cut two genes: receptor responsible for recognizing the recipient's cells as foreign, and another gene whose absence made the donor T cells invisible to the antibodies that Leila was adopted (as a drug that suppresses its own immune system).
At the time, the modified T cells UCART19 been tested only on mice, but because the girl died, her parents decided to take a chance. Despite the likelihood of incorrect operation of the molecular scissors (sometimes they are not cut out those genes, and donor cells themselves turn into cancer), treatment was successful: T-cell lymphoblasts successfully overcame.
Three months later, Leila again transplanted bone marrow: a healthy immune cells recognize cells UCART19 as foreign and destroy them. Thus, now in the body girl remained genetically modified cells.
While a complete cure Leila too early to say, but she is alive and doing well. Complete clinical trials UCART19 will begin in 2016, which may prove that the success of the London girls were not accidental.
Genetically modified cells for the first time helped to save a terminally ill child from leukemia. It is reported by New Scientist.
At the age of three months, Leila was diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia - a malignant disease in which cancerous bone marrow stem cells released into the blood immature lymphoid cells in large quantities. The girl immediately began to treat with standard treatments (chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation), but at her age, this therapy is successful only in a quarter of cases, and Leila had no luck.
Despite the presence of cancer cells after chemotherapy sessions, the doctors decided to transplant bone marrow, hoping that the immune cells in the donor organ will win leukemia - but that did not happen. Two months later, the condition of Leyla again deteriorated, while doctors have turned to Qasim Waseem (Waseem Qasim) from University College London, who is developing genetic techniques to fight cancer.
In general, treatment is taking immune cells from a patient, genetically modify them to combat cancer cells and return back. Sometimes, there are added receptor gene CAR19, which causes cytotoxic T lymphocytes (T cells) to seek and kill cells with the CD19 protein on the surface - they cause acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
However, Leila was too small and the patient, to provide such a T-cell. Therefore, Qasim had to use material obtained from another healthy donor and a modified way to treat hundreds of patients. To these cells did not take all the cells in the recipient as foreign and attacked them, it took a gene editing with "molecular scissors" - proteins TALEN.
Qasim cut two genes: receptor responsible for recognizing the recipient's cells as foreign, and another gene whose absence made the donor T cells invisible to the antibodies that Leila was adopted (as a drug that suppresses its own immune system).
At the time, the modified T cells UCART19 been tested only on mice, but because the girl died, her parents decided to take a chance. Despite the likelihood of incorrect operation of the molecular scissors (sometimes they are not cut out those genes, and donor cells themselves turn into cancer), treatment was successful: T-cell lymphoblasts successfully overcame.
Three months later, Leila again transplanted bone marrow: a healthy immune cells recognize cells UCART19 as foreign and destroy them. Thus, now in the body girl remained genetically modified cells.
While a complete cure Leila too early to say, but she is alive and doing well. Complete clinical trials UCART19 will begin in 2016, which may prove that the success of the London girls were not accidental.
воскресенье, 8 ноября 2015 г.
Middlemist - the rarest flower in the world. Throughout the world there are only 2 examples. British gardener John Middlemist, traveling in 1854 to China, was fascinated by the red rose, which he accidentally found. He dug a flower and brought him to Britain to put the greenhouse of the United Kingdom. He could not even suggest that because of this he saved the last instance of a flower in the world. In his honor and was named the red rose.
Scientists have discovered the remains of the ancient rat the size of a dog
Archaeologists have discovered the remains of the territory of Timor old rats, which in size are reminiscent of dogs. Experts suggest that in those days people lived near the habitat of extinct animals and even eating them. Details of the discovery were presented Dzhulenom Luis, the head of the archaeological team, during paleontological conference in Texas.
A team of American archaeologists have discovered the remains of the Timorese on the territory of the ancient species of rats, which are comparable in size with the dogs. Experts have suggested that people at that time built their villages close to the habitat of extinct animals. In all likelihood, this type of animal consumed, even for food. For information about the opening leader of the archaeological team Julien Luis presented to the fossil conference in Texas. Scientists say that this kind of rat is the most enormous of the now well-known. Thus, the average rat weighs about one kilogram.
Ancient representatives of this type weigh more than five kilograms. Experts currently trying to establish the causes, because of which rodents once extinct. Scientists admit two options - climate change and human hunting activities. Note that according to the scientists, the rats became extinct about a thousand years ago.
Archaeologists have discovered the remains of the territory of Timor old rats, which in size are reminiscent of dogs. Experts suggest that in those days people lived near the habitat of extinct animals and even eating them. Details of the discovery were presented Dzhulenom Luis, the head of the archaeological team, during paleontological conference in Texas.
A team of American archaeologists have discovered the remains of the Timorese on the territory of the ancient species of rats, which are comparable in size with the dogs. Experts have suggested that people at that time built their villages close to the habitat of extinct animals. In all likelihood, this type of animal consumed, even for food. For information about the opening leader of the archaeological team Julien Luis presented to the fossil conference in Texas. Scientists say that this kind of rat is the most enormous of the now well-known. Thus, the average rat weighs about one kilogram.
Ancient representatives of this type weigh more than five kilograms. Experts currently trying to establish the causes, because of which rodents once extinct. Scientists admit two options - climate change and human hunting activities. Note that according to the scientists, the rats became extinct about a thousand years ago.
African Civet
The only representative of the eponymous family. These animals live in Africa, in open spaces with high herbage from Senegal to Somalia, south to Namibia and eastern areas of South Africa.
The size of the beast may be strong enough to visually increase when Viverra raises when excited wool. A fur her thick and long, especially on the back closer to the tail.
On the hunt for African Civet secret anal glands, which is a valuable raw material for the perfume industry. And the industry is known since the days of King Solomon. Hunters do not kill animals often Viverra and catch to hold in captivity. In such a valuable animal musk is collected several times a week for export to America and European countries.
However, in zoos African Civet not often see. In Russia, the only animal lives in the Rostov zoo. This female, settled here in '98 (when she was about two years). Unfortunately, the male in the couple it was never found. It is not surprising, because the nearest Viverra (her sister), until recently, lived alone in Nikolaev Zoo. According to ISIS in Europe, there are a couple of animals in the Czech Republic (the zoo in Olomouc).
The only representative of the eponymous family. These animals live in Africa, in open spaces with high herbage from Senegal to Somalia, south to Namibia and eastern areas of South Africa.
The size of the beast may be strong enough to visually increase when Viverra raises when excited wool. A fur her thick and long, especially on the back closer to the tail.
On the hunt for African Civet secret anal glands, which is a valuable raw material for the perfume industry. And the industry is known since the days of King Solomon. Hunters do not kill animals often Viverra and catch to hold in captivity. In such a valuable animal musk is collected several times a week for export to America and European countries.
However, in zoos African Civet not often see. In Russia, the only animal lives in the Rostov zoo. This female, settled here in '98 (when she was about two years). Unfortunately, the male in the couple it was never found. It is not surprising, because the nearest Viverra (her sister), until recently, lived alone in Nikolaev Zoo. According to ISIS in Europe, there are a couple of animals in the Czech Republic (the zoo in Olomouc).
Подписаться на:
Сообщения (Atom)